Abstract
In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of hydrated anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), comprised of poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) polymers functionalized with quaternary ammonium cationic groups, were conducted using multiscale coupling between three different models: a high-resolution coarse-grained (CG) model; Atomistic Polarizable Potential for Liquids, Electrolytes and Polymers (APPLE&P); and ReaxFF. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are summarized and compared. The proposed multiscale coupling utilizes the strength of each model and allows sampling of a broad spectrum of properties, which is not possible to sample using any of the single modeling techniques. Within the proposed combined approach, the equilibrium morphology of hydrated AEM was prepared using the CG model. Then, the morphology was mapped to the APPLE&P model from equilibrated CG configuration of the AEM. Simulations using atomistic non-reactive force field allowed sampling of local hydration structure of ionic groups, vehicular transport mechanism of anion and water, and structure equilibration of water channels in the membrane. Subsequently, atomistic AEM configuration was mapped to ReaxFF reactive model to investigate the Grotthuss mechanism in the hydroxide transport, as well as the AEM chemical stability and degradation mechanisms. The proposed multiscale and multiphysics modeling approach provides valuable input for the materials-by-design of novel polymeric structures for AEMs.
Highlights
The research interest in fuel cells (FCs), containing either proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) or anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), has been revived in the past decade, driven by the increasing demand for clean and renewable energy [1,2,3,4,5,6]
We demonstrate how three different models can be combined in a joint multiscale and exchange membrane (AEM)*
As we showed in previous studies, the membranes of PPOPPO-based polymers functionalized quaternary ammonium undergo microphase segregation, based polymers functionalized with with quaternary ammonium undergo microphase segregation, forming water-rich domains/channels and polymer-rich glassy domains
Summary
The research interest in fuel cells (FCs), containing either proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) or anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), has been revived in the past decade, driven by the increasing demand for clean and renewable energy [1,2,3,4,5,6]. That in order to address the plethora of possible chemical events (OH− transport, polymer degradation, formation of carbonate anions from CO2 contamination, reaction with/between other fuel/product contaminants, etc.) one has to rely on atomistically detailed methods such as mentioned above ReaxFF or on MD/quantum mechanical (QM) coupling approach as has been successfully demonstrated in recent works [28,29]. These methods are computationally expensive and are limited to relatively small size systems and observation time scales.
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