Multiscale Contextual Poverty in the Netherlands: Within and Between-Municipality Inequality

Ana Petrović,Maarten Van Ham,David Manley

doi:10.1007/s12061-021-09394-3

Abstract

Contextual poverty refers to high proportions of people with a low income in a certain (residential) space, and it can affect individual socioeconomic outcomes as well as decisions to move into or out of the neighbourhood. Contextual poverty is a multiscale phenomenon: Poverty levels at the regional scale reflect regional economic development, while meso-scale concentrations of poverty within cities are related to city-specific social, economic and housing characteristics. Within cities, poverty can also concentrate at micro spatial scales, which are often neglected, largely due to a lack of data. Exposure to poverty at lower spatial scales, such as housing blocks and streets, is important because it can influence individuals through social mechanisms such as role models or social networks. This paper is based on the premise that sociospatial context is necessarily multiscalar, and therefore contextual poverty is a multiscale problem which can be better understood through the inequality within and between places at different spatial scales. The question is how to compare different spatial contexts if we know that they include various spatial scales. Our measure of contextual poverty embraces 101 spatial scales and compares different locations within and between municipalities in the Netherlands. We found that the national inequality primarily came from the concentrations of poverty in areas of a few kilometres, located in cities, which have different spatial patterns of contextual poverty, such as multicentre, core-periphery and east–west. In addition to the inequality between municipalities, there are considerable within-municipality inequalities, particularly among micro-areas of a few hundred metres.

Highlights

Over the last three decades, socioeconomic inequalities in European cities have been growing, and this has led to increasing spatial concentrations of people with low income in certain areas (Tammaru et al, 2016)
We introduce other scales to get insight into how these various spatial contexts differ in terms of poverty levels, and to demonstrate the effect of spatial scale on measuring inequality
For each 100 m by m grid cell, we measured the proportion of lowincome people at the range of spatial scales, and we used the Theil index as a hierarchical measure of entropy to measure inequality

Summary

Introduction

Over the last three decades, socioeconomic inequalities in European cities have been growing, and this has led to increasing spatial concentrations of people with low income in certain (residential) areas (Tammaru et al, 2016). Contextual poverty can emerge at the scale of streets, or housing blocks, collections of streets in the inner-city neighbourhoods or suburbs, often known as ‘neighbourhoods’, or even across regions. This makes contextual poverty a multiscale problem which is related to both the causes and consequences of poverty. Multiple factors, such as economic and housing structures, can lead to concentrations of poverty at different spatial scales from region to neighbourhood. With increasing scale, there are new contexts introduced at which poverty expresses itself spatially, and at which individual outcomes are affected

Objectives

Results

Conclusion