Abstract
Long bone mineralization occurs through endochondral ossification, where a cartilage template mineralizes into bone‐like tissue with a hierarchical organization from the whole bone‐scale down to sub‐nano scale. Whereas this process has been extensively studied at the larger length scales, it remains unexplored at some of the smaller length scales. In this study, the changes in morphology, composition, and structure during embryonic mineralization of murine humeri are investigated using a range of high‐resolution synchrotron‐based imaging techniques at several length scales. With micro‐ and nanometer spatial resolution, the deposition of elements and the shaping of mineral platelets are followed. Rapid mineralization of the humeri occurs over approximately four days, where mineral to matrix ratio and calcium content in the most mineralized zone reach adult values shortly before birth. Interestingly, zinc is consistently found to be localized at the sites of ongoing new mineralization. The mineral platelets in the most recently mineralized regions are thicker, longer, narrower, and less aligned compared to those further into the mineralized region. In summary, this study demonstrates a specific spatial distribution of zinc, with highest concentration where new mineral is being deposited and that the newly formed mineral platelets undergo slight reshaping and reorganization during embryonic development.
Highlights
Isabella Silva Barreto, Sophie Le Cann, Saima Ahmed, Vivien Sotiriou, Mikael J
To investigate the changes in rudiment morphology, mice ranging from the start of long bone mineralization (Theiler Stage TS23) to shortly before birth (TS27) [33] were imaged using synchrotron based μCT
During the four days of development that were studied, the rudiment transformed from an unspecialized shape and inner structure with low Ca content and unordered mineral crystals, into a long bone with a clearly developed morphology, structure and composition almost resembling that of the adult
Summary
Isabella Silva Barreto, Sophie Le Cann, Saima Ahmed, Vivien Sotiriou, Mikael J. Long bone mineralization occurs through endochondral ossification, where a goal of being capable of sustaining a range of loading scenarios. This mineralization cartilage template mineralizes into bone-like tissue with a hierarchical process results in a hierarchical organizaorganization from the whole bone-scale down to sub-nano scale. Whereas this process has been extensively studied at the larger length scales, it remains unexplored at some of the smaller length scales. Tion from an unspecialized cartilage template into a complex mineralized design during embryonic long bone development, remains unexplored on many of the hierarchical levels, especially at the smaller length. This study demonstrates a specific spatial distribution of zinc, with highest concentration where new
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