Abstract
Aim of the study is to cite the recent research findings about multipotent adult mesenchymal stem cells or stromal cells (MSCs) considering their origin, phenotypical and functional characterization as well as being a bio medical ideal candidate for their effective administration in MSC-mediated clinical trials. MSCs were firstly reported by Friedenstein along with his coworkers within the bone marrow of an adult individual categorized as plastic adherent, colony forming fibroblastic cells with capability of reconstituting a hematopoietic medium when grafted in vivo. Gradually with years, it has been revealed that these stromal cells with potential to differentiate in multiple mesenchymal mesodermal and non-mesodermal cell lines like adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes, are not limited to bone marrow cells but are also exclusive part of some other tissues and organs. Many evidences have provided an insight supporting their self-renewal ability combined with their multipotency both in vivo and in vitro and it has exploited their potential in multiorgan engraftment, tissue engineering therapies, immune regulatory properties along with capacity to aid as natural repair mechanism for tissues both in vitro and in vivo. Though, despite this striking spectrum of investigation, many queries regarding their developmental origin, reproducible pluripotency and their in vivo functional mechanism of modeling and remodeling of bones along with tissue mending are yet answerable and a lot of challenges are needed to deal with before administering them in broad clinical prosecutions.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stromal cells stem cells (MSCs) have elucidated the global and scientific attention mainly due to their potential to harbor the self-renewal and regenerative capability during repairing, limiting and reconstituting the respective tissue components in bone regeneration phenomenon [1]
MSCs: Mesenchymal Stem Cell; BM: Bone Marrow; hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs): Hematopoietic Stem cells; CFU-Fs: Colonized fibroblastic units; graft versus host diseases (GVHD): Graft Versus Host Disease; Adipose tissues (AT): Adipose Tissues; EPCs: Endothelial Progenitor Cells; BMP: Bone Morphogenic Protein; Progressive researches in field of MSCs has revealed the MSCs niche component and it has explained that though bone marrow is direct source of isolation of MSCs but it is found in post-natal organs considering from the birth tissues to skeletal muscles and even dental pulp
It is not easy to isolate the human MSCs (hMSCs) but it has been seen that MSC have the ability of expansion without losing its particular characteristics
Summary
Mesenchymal stromal cells stem cells (MSCs) have elucidated the global and scientific attention mainly due to their potential to harbor the self-renewal and regenerative capability during repairing, limiting and reconstituting the respective tissue components in bone regeneration phenomenon [1]. Plastic adherent, distinct stromal sub-population, MSCs having the lineage commitment capability is an active field of investigation in the world of stem cell based innovations [2]. After HSCs discovery, research work of Friedenstein testified the presence of non- hematopoietic stromal cells with adipose and skeletal potential observed during heterotopic transplantation that can form reticular cells, cartilage, fat cells and bone [3]. Main goal of scientific innovations in study of MSCs is there in vivo characterization as it can lead to isolation of enriched pure stromal cells population that can be used for organogenesis, tissue engraftment and immunomodulatory effects which will renovate the world of clinical cell mediated therapies [16]
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