Abstract
The ever-growing demand for fast, cheap, and reliable diagnostic tools for personalised medicine is encouraging scientists to improve existing technology platforms and to create new methods for the detection and quantification of biomarkers of clinical significance. Simultaneous detection of multiple analytes allows more accurate assessment of changes in biomarker expression and offers the possibility of disease diagnosis at the earliest stages. The concept of multiplexing, where multiple analytes can be detected in a single sample, can be tackled using several types of nanomaterial-based biosensors. Quantum dots are widely used photoluminescent nanoparticles and represent one of the most frequent choices for different multiplex systems. However, nanoparticles that incorporate gold, silver, and rare earth metals with their unique optical properties are an emerging perspective in the multiplexing field. In this review, we summarise progress in various nanoparticle applications for multiplexed biomarkers.
Highlights
The clinical diagnosis of many diseases depends on the accurate and unambiguous detection of various biomarkers, which may include proteins or other biomolecules [1,2,3]
The most sensitive method using a magnetic bead–quantum dot sandwich assay for the capture and detection of human S100B protein in serum was demonstrated by Kim et al in 2015 [20]
We have provided a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art development of multiplexed nanobiosensors
Summary
The clinical diagnosis of many diseases depends on the accurate and unambiguous detection of various biomarkers, which may include proteins or other biomolecules [1,2,3]. Standard immunoassays are used to detect one specific analyte, for complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), which involve a multitude of biomarkers, one analyte is not enough to obtain an early and accurate diagnosis. In order to diagnose at the earliest stages of disease development, it is crucial to detect as much information as possible from small quantities of clinical samples In this context, multiplexed immunoassays are an obvious and attractive approach, especially when sample volumes are limited. A variety of different fluorescent dyes and fluorophores have been detection probes in various immunoassays, only a few fluorescent probes are capable of monitoring used as detection probes in various immunoassays, only a few fluorescent probes are capable of multiple analytes in bioassays with distinct optical signals. We summarize progress in nanomaterial-based multiplexed bioassays, by focusing on their applications in medicine
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