Multiplex Dynamics for the Co-evolution of Formal and Informal Policy Networks in the Environmental Conflict Resolution Process

Abstract

Little is known about how formal and informal policy networks interact or coevolve with one another. This study examines the complex interplay between formal and informal policy networks by employing a longitudinal social network approach. The co-evolution of these formal and informal relationships among 80 stakeholders from 10 regions that were involved in an environmental conflict resolution process was investigated across 4 time periods over 15 years. The results of this study illustrate how differential multiplex patterns across the two types of policy network relations can simultaneously affect network dynamics, highlighting the importance of considering distinct functional dimensions between formal and informal policy ties that multiple stakeholders develop to pursue multiple policy goals. Furthermore, one kind of relationship maintained by policy stakeholders during environmental conflict resolution processes affects the formation of other direct and indirect relationships of a different kind, leading to the coexistence of formal and informal linkages (i.e. the emergence of multiplex ties). Therefore, given these findings, designing institutional arrangements or structures, which can help facilitate informal information- and resource-seeking and forge formal relations between participants, can expand opportunities for policy stakeholders to engage more in environmental dispute resolution settings.