Abstract
The multiple hit hypothesis for Parkinson’s disease (PD) suggests that an interaction between multiple (genetic and/or environmental) risk factors is needed to trigger the pathology. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is an interesting protein to study in this context and is the focus of this review. More than 15 years of intensive research have identified several cellular pathways in which LRRK2 is involved, yet its exact physiological role or contribution to PD is not completely understood. Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 are the most common genetic cause of PD but most likely require additional triggers to develop PD, as suggested by the reduced penetrance of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. LRRK2 expression is high in immune cells such as monocytes, neutrophils, or dendritic cells, compared to neurons or glial cells and evidence for a role of LRRK2 in the immune system is emerging. This has led to the hypothesis that an inflammatory trigger is needed for pathogenic LRRK2 mutations to induce a PD phenotype. In this review, we will discuss the link between LRRK2 and inflammation and how this could play an active role in PD etiology.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common motor neurodegenerative disorder, estimated to affect about 7 million people worldwide
The lack of dopaminergic degeneration in this study, despite the chronic neuroinflammation, suggests that multiple inflammatory triggers may be required for Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation carriers to develop PD (Schildt et al, 2019)
A better understanding of the etiology of PD will be key to find a disease-modifying therapy. It has become more and more clear that PD is a complex disease with different factors and pathogenic mechanisms
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common motor neurodegenerative disorder, estimated to affect about 7 million people worldwide. This is in line with the emerging evidence pointing to LRRK2 as a modulator of inflammation through a role in immune cells both in the CNS and the periphery. A role for LRRK2 in peripheral immune cells is supported by the higher levels of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in the sera of PD patients carrying LRRK2 G2019S, as well as in asymptomatic carriers of the mutation (Dzamko et al, 2016).
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