Abstract
The composition of microbiota and the gut-brain axis is increasingly considered a factor in the development of various pathological conditions. The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the CNS, is complex and interactions within the gut-brain axis may be relevant in the development and the course of MS. In this article, we focus on the relationship between gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of MS. We review the contribution of germ-free mouse studies to our understanding of MS pathology and its implications for treatment strategies to modulate the microbiome in MS. This summary highlights the need for a better understanding of the role of the microbiota in patients’ responses to disease-modifying drugs in MS and disease activity overall.
Highlights
Kleinova, P.; Tlaskalova-Hogenova, Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS)
The composition and diversity of the microbiota vary greatly according to their location in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and vary in composition according to the age of the individual [9]
Toll-like receptors (TLR) and related microbe associated molecular pattern recognition (MAMP) ligands are important for B-cell regulation
Summary
P.; Tlaskalova-Hogenova, Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The disease leads to the formation of inflammatory lesions in the CNS, in which myelin sheaths break down and demyelinated axons are damaged This leads to neurological symptoms such as impairment of motor functions, sensitivity, balance, vision, and sphincters, and fatigue, depression, and cognitive changes. This disease has a complex etiology with genetic and environmental factors playing a significant role. Studies in identical twins show that the genetic influence on the disease risk is only about 30% [1] with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes being the most important factor [2].
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