Multiple resistance mechanisms in fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella isolates from Germany.

Abstract

During the early 1990s, a clone of multiresistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium O5 negative (var. Copenhagen) of phage type DT204c predominated in Germany and neighboring countries within the calf-fattening industry. In addition to being resistant to ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim, these isolates were highly resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC > 128 μg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (MIC = 32 μg/ml) (4). Heisig et al. (3) showed that the clone had spread among humans and animals in Germany, and complementation experiments suggested that mutations in gyrA and gyrB were responsible for the high level of fluoroquinolone resistance. DNA sequencing of gyrA revealed two amino acid substitutions (Ser83→Ala and Asp87→Asn) (3). Our recent molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistance mechanisms in contemporary and old Salmonella strains showed that two such German isolates of bovine origin carried these gyrA mutations and a novel gyrB mutation together with a novel parC mutation in each strain. Both isolates (NRL608/93 and NRL154/94) were received at the German National Salmonella Reference Laboratory in the early 1990s, and the following MICs of fluoroquinolones were observed by the standard NCCLS broth dilution method (7): ciprofloxacin, 32 μg/ml; enrofloxacin, >128 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 16 and 8 μg/ml; moxifloxacin, 32 μg/ml; and ofloxacin, >128 μg/ml. In order to investigate the underlying resistance mechanisms, the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were amplified by using specific primers for gyrA and parC (6) and gyrB (F, ACTGGCGGACTGTCAGGAAC; B, TCTGACGATAGAAGAAGGTCAAC). Sequencing was carried out as described in reference 6. The most relevant findings were as follows. (i) Sequence analysis of the QRDR of the gyrA gene detected the mutations Ser83→Ala (TCC→GCC) and Asp87→Asn (GAC→AAC). (ii) Sequence analysis of the QRDR of gyrB showed in both isolates the novel mutation Ser464→Phe (TCC→TTC). This change may alter the hydrophobicity of the protein. In Salmonella, the substitution Ser464→Tyr in gyrB, which does not affect the local charge or hydrophobicity of the protein, had been described most frequently (2, 8). (iii) Sequence analysis of the QRDR of parC showed in both isolates the mutation Ser80→Ile (AGC→ATC). This parC substitution has frequently been described for high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli in combination with gyrA double mutations (8). Recently, Baucheron et al. (1) described this mutation for Belgian Salmonella isolates. (iv) Phenotypic analysis of the tolerance to the organic solvent cyclohexane (5) showed that both isolates were resistant. This cyclohexane resistance suggests the possession of broad-spectrum efflux pumps implicated in the high resistance to the hydrophilic fluoroquinolones as well. Although the contributions of the various genetic mechanisms described above to the fluoroquinolone resistance phenotype were not elucidated in our study, genetic work in other species (8) suggests their relevance. The description of this particular clone is of special importance, since it was part of a wide animal outbreak and sporadic human infections (4). The isolation of multiresistant strains from cattle with at least four different genetic backgrounds (double mutation in gyrA, single mutation in gyrB, single mutation in parC, and the presumable presence of efflux pumps) implicated in fluoroquinolone resistance should be a cause of concern and be prevented in the future by decreasing selective pressure.