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Abstract
To detect the presence of neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants have evolved the ability to perceive and integrate multiple signals. Among them, changes in light quality and quantity are central to elicit and regulate the shade avoidance response. Here, we describe recent progresses in the comprehension of the signaling mechanisms underlying the shade avoidance response, focusing on Arabidopsis, because most of our knowledge derives from studies conducted on this model plant. Shade avoidance is an adaptive response that results in phenotypes with a high relative fitness in individual plants growing within dense vegetation. However, it affects the growth, development, and yield of crops, and the design of new strategies aimed at attenuating shade avoidance at defined developmental stages and/or in specific organs in high-density crop plantings is a major challenge for the future. For this reason, in this review, we also report on recent advances in the molecular description of the shade avoidance response in crops, such as maize and tomato, and discuss their similarities and differences with Arabidopsis.
Highlights
Plants, as sessile organisms, have evolved complex and sophisticated molecular processes to sense and react to the presence of neighboring plants
All four Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper (HD-Zip) protein families can be further classified into subfamilies consisting of paralogous genes that have likely originated through genome duplication, considering their association with chromosome-duplicated regions in Arabidopsis and rice [77,78,79,80]
Studies at the molecular level that were conducted mainly in Arabidopsis have highlighted two distinct molecular programs operating in the shade avoidance response
Summary
As sessile organisms, have evolved complex and sophisticated molecular processes to sense and react to the presence of neighboring plants. To detect the presence of plants in close proximity, shade-avoiding plants use multiple cues [4]. Among these cues, changes in light intensity and quality play a central role in the regulation of the shade avoidance response. The reflected or transmitted light is enriched in green (G) and far-red (FR) spectral regions, resulting in lowered ratios of R/FR light and B/G light. Plants perceive these differences through multiple photoreceptors, which in turn trigger signaling cascades to regulate plant growth under suboptimal light environments [5,6,7,8].
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