Abstract
Blockchain technology has been widely used in digital currency, Internet of Things, and other important fields because of its decentralization, nontampering, and anonymity. The vigorous development of blockchain cannot be separated from the security guarantee. However, there are various security threats within the blockchain that have shown in the past to cause huge financial losses. This paper aims at studying the multi-level security threats existing in the Ethereum blockchain, and exploring the security protection schemes under multiple attack scenarios. There are ten attack scenarios studied in this paper, which are replay attack, short url attack, false top-up attack, transaction order dependence attack, integer overflow attack, re-entrancy attack, honeypot attack, airdrop hunting attack, writing of arbitrary storage address attack, and gas exhaustion denial of service attack. This paper also proposes protection schemes. Finally, these schemes are evaluated by experiments. Experimental results show that our approach is efficient and does not bring too much extra cost and that the time cost has doubled at most.
Highlights
In recent years, with the rapid development of blockchain technology, the application scenarios of blockchain have been limited to digital currency and financial fields but have gradually been deeply integrated with all walks of life [1, 2], such as smart city and Internet of things (IoT)
In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto released his famous Bitcoin whitepaper [3], which first put forward the concept of “blockchain.” Blockchain is a new distributed computing and storage paradigm which integrates many existing technologies. It uses cryptography principle and timestamp technology in data layer to ensure the immutability of data, uses peer-to-peer network to communicate data in network layer, uses distributed consensus algorithm to maintain the consistency of data in the consensus layer; uses scripts and algorithms to implement smart contracts in contract layer; and uses Turing complete virtual machine to realize various functions in the application layer
He defined smart contract as a set of promises defined in digital form, and the participants of the contract can implement these promises on machines
Summary
With the rapid development of blockchain technology, the application scenarios of blockchain have been limited to digital currency and financial fields but have gradually been deeply integrated with all walks of life [1, 2], such as smart city and Internet of things (IoT). In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto released his famous Bitcoin whitepaper [3], which first put forward the concept of “blockchain.” Blockchain is a new distributed computing and storage paradigm which integrates many existing technologies It uses cryptography principle and timestamp technology in data layer to ensure the immutability of data, uses peer-to-peer network to communicate data in network layer, uses distributed consensus algorithm to maintain the consistency of data in the consensus layer; uses scripts and algorithms to implement smart contracts in contract layer; and uses Turing complete virtual machine to realize various functions in the application layer. Smart contract is a representative technology in the blockchain 2.0 era, and its concept was put forward by cryptographer Szabo [5] as early as the end of the 20th century.
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