Abstract
West Nile (WN) virus has been detected in Guadeloupe since 2002. Even if no WN human cases have been detected so far, mosquitoes from Culex genus especially Culex quinquefasciatus are recognized as potential WN vectors in Guadeloupe. To evaluate the impact of local vector control activities on this mosquito species we assessed the resistance levels of Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from three different sites from Guadeloupe (Abymes, Saint François and Gourbeyre) to malathion, temephos and deltamethrin. In addition, the frequencies of the L1014F kdr and the G119S ace-1 mutations were established in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, as well as the constitutive expressions of five cytochrome P450 genes. Mosquito populations tested displayed high resistance to deltamethrin, moderate resistance to malathion (Abymes, Gourbeyre) and low resistance to temephos (Abymes et Gourbeyre). Molecular analyses revealed high frequencies of both L1014F kdr and G119S ace-1 mutations in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, as well as overexpression of cytochrome P450 genes CYP9J45, CYP9J40 and CYP6AA7. Finally, deltamethrin resistance and knock-down rates were strongly correlated with the frequency of the resistant kdr and ace-1 alleles, as well as with CYP9J40 overexpression. These results should be taken into account to refine the current vector control strategies to prevent the appearance of Cx. quinquefasciatus-borne diseases in Guadeloupe.
Highlights
During the past 30 years, the Guadeloupe islands (French West Indies) have been facing arboviral outbreaks with increasing frequency, number of cases and fatalities
In this study we investigated the resistance status of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from Guadeloupe against malathion, temephos and deltamethrin: three insecticides that have been historically used for chemical control of the mosquito vector Ae. aegypti in the island
The differences on the resistance levels observed for these two adulticides in the studied populations from Guadeloupe are in agreement with a more recent and higher deltamethrin selective pressure, as this insecticide is still used for vector control activities in the island, while malathion has not been not used since 2010 because the insecticide was withdrawn from the list of vector control insecticides [25]
Summary
During the past 30 years, the Guadeloupe islands (French West Indies) have been facing arboviral outbreaks with increasing frequency, number of cases and fatalities. The largest dengue outbreak ever described in this territory was reported in 2010 involving around 44,000 dengue-like syndromes [1]. Insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus from Guadeloupe funders (FEDER grant and Regional Agency of Health in Guadeloupe) had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors CC and JG from the Regional Agency of Health in Guadeloupe have participated in the sampling campaigns in the field and have provided historical internal data about insecticide treatments
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