Abstract
Emissions produced by urban transportation activities are harmful to people’s health and they also affect people’s trip-making decisions. In this paper, we explore the multiple equilibrium behaviors considering human exposure to vehicular emissions. We assume that a portion of transportation users are environmental advocates and their route decisions are based on some composite cost functions comprise of a travel time component and an emission exposure component. We then study the multiple equilibrium behaviors with multiple types of users on a traffic network. The multiple equilibrium problems are further converted into variational inequality (VI) problems and they are solved using a method of successive average- (MSA-) based diagonalization method. Per the specific network setting, we find that as travelers become more concerned about their exposure to vehicular emissions, the system emission exposure, travel time, and the total cost get reduced; i.e., Pareto improving solutions are achieved. By analyzing the multiple equilibrium behaviors, we find that the system gets better if more users become environmental advocates. And the change of a small percentage of users should already lead to a good system improvement.
Highlights
Transportation activities account for about 27% carbon dioxide, 59% nitrogen oxide, and 54% carbon monoxide of the atmospheric emissions [1]
The multiple equilibrium problems are further converted into variational inequality (VI) problems and they are solved using a method of successive average- (MSA-) based diagonalization method
Per the specific network setting, we found that as travelers become more concerned about their exposure to vehicular emissions, the system emission exposure, travel time, and the total cost all get reduced; i.e., Pareto improving solutions are achieved
Summary
Transportation activities account for about 27% carbon dioxide, 59% nitrogen oxide, and 54% carbon monoxide of the atmospheric emissions [1]. With respect to (i) and (ii), microscopic tools such as Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model (CMEM; [15, 16]), VT-Micro [17, 18], and Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES; [19]) can estimate emissions with fine resolution by breaking down the physical behavior of vehicles into different operating modes (e.g., acceleration, deceleration, idle, and cruising) These models, require extensive input data such as vehicle type and trajectory information (see [6]) from component (i) and usually do not have analytical forms. We further assume that a portion of transportation users are environmental advocates and their route choice decisions are based on some composite cost functions comprise of a travel time component and an emission exposure component. The model framework proposed in the paper forms the basis for analyzing the more practically meaningful multiple equilibrium behaviors with considerations of people’s perception and reaction to emission exposures
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