Abstract
Obesity is increasing in developing countries. Population studies show a relationship between affluence and obesity. Changing food intake patterns with affluence such as preference for foods with less astringent polyphenolic compounds and dietary fibers may increase risk of metabolic dysfunctions due to caloric imbalance. Animal models of obesity consistently show that grape seed procyanidins prevent increases in body and abdo- minal adipose weight gain, plasma cholesterol, liver weight gain and inflammation in animals on high fat diets. The mechanisms are not clear because the oral intake of procyanidins results in pleiotropic interactions with proteins in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon that affect the rate of digestion of bioavailability of macronutrients, sterols, and dietary fiber. Procyanidins also bind bile acids and reduce intestinal permeability to inflammatory bacterial cell wall fragment. Procyanidins are not degraded or metabolized until reaching the lower gut where they can be metabolized into phenolic acids by gut bacteria. While they are metabolized by gut bacteria, they also alter total numbers and distribution of phyla and species of gut bacteria. Gut bacteria are recognized as significant contributors to obesity and obesity related metabolic diseases. The review examines the different pleiotropic effects of grape seed procyanidins that have a significant effect on metabolic disease in animal models of obesity.
Highlights
In recent years research has identified low grade inflammation accompanying obesity as necessary for the development of chronic metabolic diseases[1,2]
Torey ARVIK et al Grape procyanidins in animal models of obesity lipids, fatty liver and inflammation in animal models on high fat diets
Given the interactions occurring in the mouth and digestive system, this review focuses on studies of oral intake in animal, and human studies of obesity and related chronic diseases
Summary
In recent years research has identified low grade inflammation accompanying obesity as necessary for the development of chronic metabolic diseases[1,2]. High fat diets facilitate inflammation but some food components such as dietary fiber and polyphenolics that reach the gut may prevent or moderate weight gain, abdominal adipose weight, increases in blood. Torey ARVIK et al Grape procyanidins in animal models of obesity lipids, fatty liver and inflammation in animal models on high fat diets. These components are non-nutritive and mainly indigestible but are metabolized in the lower gut by bacteria, yeast and other organisms (microbiome). The intake of dietary fiber and polyphenolic compounds has been shown to reduce risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases by mechanisms related to fecal excretion of fat, cholesterol, and bile acids, and reduction of chronic inflammation. The most prominent components of grape seed extracts, the proanthocyanidins (PAs) that include their
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