Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to grow in the presence of an antimicrobial agent at a concentration that will normally kill or inhibit their growth. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global threat making treatment of infections tougher especially with high cost of treatment in humans and animals. This study was done to determine the Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI) of Gram-negative bacteria from bird droppings in two commercial poultries in Enugu. Forty (40) samples were collected from each of the poultries. Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods. The isolates identified were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter spp, Proteus spp. and, Enterobacter spp. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using disc diffusion technique. The organisms were tested against pefloxacin, augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), ceftazidime, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cephalothin, neomycin and ofloxacin. The result of the susceptibility test showed that Proteus spp had the highest resistance and MARI value of 0.5 and 1.0 respectively. The other MARI values were Escherichia coli (0.9), Klebsiella pneumonia (0.9), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.8), Citrobacter spp (0.8) and Enterobacter spp (0.7). These results suggest that bacterial organisms from poultry source can contribute significantly to the spread of multi-antibiotic resistant organisms. This could arise from the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in bird feeds in poultries.
Highlights
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has become a big threat to global health
The high rates of antimicrobial resistance occurrence have attracted the attention of international bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and, the World Organization for Animal Health who have forged a united approach to combat it as a common force [1]
The six Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the sample using morphological, biochemical characteristics and include Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Table 1)
Summary
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has become a big threat to global health. It has risen to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world, making it difficult to treat infectious diseases [1]. Livestock farmers are tempted to use more effective and often more expensive antimicrobial in treating sick animals, ending-up infringing upon those that are last line options for use in humans; especially if they can be bought over the counter [2]. This ends-up in the development of resistance to the few antimicrobials that are relied upon for treating human infections. The microorganisms that are mainly involved in the infection process both in hospital and community are called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, Enterobacteriaceae) emphasizing their capacity to “escape” from common antibacterial treatments [5] [6]
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