Abstract
Tendons play an important role in transferring stress between muscles and bones and in maintaining joint stability. Tendon tears are difficult to heal, and are associated with high recurrence rates. So the objective of this study was to develop a biodegradable scaffold for tendon-bone junction regeneration. Two types of polylactic acid (PLA) yarns, having fibers with round and four deep grooved cross-sections, were braided into tubular scaffolds and cultured with murine TGF-β Type II receptor (TGFBR2)-expressing joint progenitor cells. The scaffolds were designed to mimic the mechanical, immuno-chemical and biological properties of natural mouse tendon-bone junctions. Three different tubular scaffolds measuring 2 mm in diameter were braided on a Steeger 16-spindle braiding machine using these PLA yarns. The three different scaffold structures were: 1) PLA hollow tube using round fibers, 2) PLA hollow tube using grooved and round fibers, and 3) PLA multicomponent tube containing round fibers in the sheath and grooved core fibers inserted within the lumen. The dynamic tensile strength and initial Young’s modulus of the three scaffolds were monitored on an Instron mechanical tester, and cell attachment, viability, proliferation and migration were measured at different time points. The three different braided structures provided a wide range of mechanical properties that mimicked the various zones of the tendon bone junction. The biological tests confirmed that cell viability, attachment and proliferation occurred throughout all three scaffolds, indicating that they have the potential to be used as scaffolds for the regeneration of a tendon bone tissue junction.
Highlights
1.1 Motivation and Significance The tendon bone junction is a functionally graded material which helps in transition from a soft unmineralized tendon tissue to hard mineralized bone
Braiding technology uses a given number of yarns to intertwine or braid them into a tubular structure. For many years this has been used to manufacture ropes, cords and shoe laces and it is being used in other fields such as medical textiles. 1.2 Goals and Hypothesis The ultimate goal of this study is to fabricate and evaluate the properties of our specially designed biodegradable multiphase scaffolds braided from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) yarns
The three different scaffolds are 1) PLA hollow tubes using round fibers 2) PLA hollow tubes using grooved and round fibers and 3) PLA bilayer tubes with round fibers and grooved fibers inserted inside the central hollow lumen. 3.1.1 Preparation of PLA Yarns for Braiding A novel grooved (4DG) fiber and a traditional round fiber made from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) melt spun by Fiber Innovation Technology Inc (Johnson City, TN) were used in this study
Summary
1.1 Motivation and Significance The tendon bone junction is a functionally graded material which helps in transition from a soft unmineralized tendon tissue to hard mineralized bone. It plays an important role in transferring stresses and in maintaining the stability of joints. Up until now ITE has taken the approach that it is necessary to use pluripotent stem cells or to co-culture the two dissimilar cell lines either in sequence, one after the other, or together in a single compromised media and co-culture condition This approach assumes that a tissue junction consists of only two types of tissue that are joined at the interface. Many previous developmental-stage studies on mouse embryos have shown evidence of a distinct intermediate interfacial tissue type, for example between the bone and the tendon
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