Abstract
The roof-leased business mode is an important development method for the distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this paper, the benefits of the PV energy are considered in a PV cluster (PVC) consisting of a certain number of prosumers and a PVC operator (PVCO). In order to distribute the benefits, a multi-party energy management method for the PVC is proposed, including an internal pricing model and a demand response (DR) model. First, the dynamic internal pricing model for the trading between PVCO and prosumers is formulated according to the economic principle of demand and supply relation. Moreover, in order to improve the local consumption of PV energy, the DR model is formulated as a non-cooperative game among the prosumers. Meanwhile, the existence and uniqueness of the Nash Equilibrium (NE) are proved, and a distributed solving algorithm is introduced to approach the NE solution. Finally, the PVC including four prosumers is selected as the study object, the results have shown that the internal pricing model and DR model can improve the benefit of both prosumers and PVCO, as well as the local consumption of PV energy.
Highlights
With the development of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV prosumers have developed widely
The results show that the internal prices of PV cluster (PVC) are able to increase the integral utilities of all prosumers and the benefit of the PVC operator (PVCO), even if the prosumers have no flexible loads or battery storage systems
This is an interesting result, and the reason is that when demand and supply ratio (DSR) > 1, the Having insight into this result, when the PV energy is at a surplus, it seems more appropriate non-cooperative game will push prosumers to consume more energy, and increase the internal to use demand response (DR), and the integral utilities of prosumers and the benefit of PVCO can be improved buying price
Summary
With the development of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV prosumers (i.e., commercial buildings, residential houses, factories, etc.) have developed widely. Based on the marginal cost of power generation, optimal dispatching for interconnected microgrids is proposed in [9] by setting the dynamic selling price of electricity. According to the feed-in-tariff and electricity prices of many countries, the export and import prices of PV energy are constant for a certain time period In this regard, the PVCO acts as a coordinator to optimize the operation of PVC by setting the internal prices, which under the constraints of feed-in-tariff and electricity price of utility grid. To the best of our knowledge, the multi-part energy management of the PVC is a new problem with the development of the roof-leased mode of PV prosumers, which is different from the aforementioned studies To this end, this paper proposes a multi-party energy management method for clusters of roof-leased PV prosumers.
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