Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-based assessment of the effect of adenomyosis on determining the depth of myometrial invasion in endometrial cancer.

Abstract

Accurate preoperative diagnosis of endometrial cancer (EC) with deep myometrial invasion (DMI) is critical to deciding whether to perform lymphadenectomy. However, the presence of adenomyosis makes distinguishing DMI from superficial myometrial invasion (SMI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) challenging. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in diagnosing DMI in EC coexisting with adenomyosis (EC-A) compared with EC without coexisting adenomyosis and to evaluate the effect of different adenomyosis subtypes on myometrial invasion (MI) depth in EC. Patients with histologically confirmed International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I EC who underwent preoperative MRI were consecutively included in this 2-center retrospective study. Institution 1 was searched from January 2017 to November 2022 and institution 2 was searched from June 2017 to March 2021. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group A, patients with EC-A; group B, EC patients without coexisting adenomyosis, matched 1:2 according to age ±5 years and tumor grade. A senior radiologist assessed the MRI adenomyosis classification in group A. Then, 2 radiologists (R1/R2) independently interpreted T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), T1-weighted contrast-enhanced (T1CE), and a combination of all images (mpMRI) respectively, and then assessed MI depth. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the areas under the receiver operating curve (AUC) were calculated. The chi-square test was used to compare the accuracy of diagnosing DMI. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using the Kappa test. A total of 70 cases in group A and 140 cases in group B were included. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of consensus were 94.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 88.9-99.7%] vs. 92.1% (95% CI: 87.7-96.6%), 60.0% (95% CI: 17-92.7%) vs. 86.7% (95% CI: 68.4-95.6%), and 96.9% (95% CI: 88.4-95.5%) vs. 93.6% (95% CI: 86.8-97.2%) (group A vs. group B, respectively). There was no significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy of DMI on each sequence between the groups (Reviewer 1/Reviewer 2): PT2WI=0.14/0.17, PDWI=0.50/0.33, PT1CE=0.90/0.18, PmpMRI=0.50/0.37. The AUC for T2WI, DWI, T1CE, and mpMRI (Reviewer 1/Reviewer 2), respectively, were 0.54 (95% CI: 0.42-0.66)/0.78 (95% CI: 0.67-0.87), 0.63 (95% CI: 0.50-0.74)/0.77 (95% CI: 0.65-0.86), 0.69 (95% CI: 0.57-0.80)/0.79 (95% CI: 0.68-0.88), and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.82-0.97)/0.89 (95% CI: 0.79-0.95) (group A) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76-0.89)/0.85 (95% CI: 0.78-0.90), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76-0.89)/0.86 (95% CI: 0.79-0.91), 0.88 (95% CI: 0.82-0.93)/0.86 (95% CI: 0.80-0.92), and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.85-0.95)/0.87 (95% CI: 0.80-0.92) (group B). Interobserver agreement was highest with mpMRI [κ=0.387/0.695 (case/control)]. The consensus results of MRI categorization of adenomyosis revealed no significant difference in the accuracy of diagnosing DMI by adenomyosis subtype (Pspatial relationship>0.99, Paffected area=0.52, Paffected pattern=0.58, Paffected size>0.99). The presence of adenomyosis or adenomyosis subtype had no significant effect on the interpretation of the depth of MI. T1CE can increase the contrast between adenomyosis and cancer foci; therefore, the information provided by T1CE should be valued.