Abstract
Combining nanoselenium (nano-Se) and melatonin (MT) was more effective than treatment alone against abiotic stress. However, their combined application mitigated the toxic effects of bensulfuron methyl, and enhanced wheat growth and metabolism has not been studied. Metabolomics and proteomics revealed that combining nano-Se and MT markedly activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways, elevating the flavonoid (quercetin by 33.5 and 39.8%) and phenolic acid (vanillic acid by 38.8 and 48.7%) levels in leaves and roots of wheat plants. Interstingly, beneficial rhizosphere bacteria in their combination increased (Oxalobacteraceae, Nocardioidaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae), which positively correlated with the enhancement of soil urease and fluorescein diacetate enzyme activity (27.0 and 26.9%) and the allelopathic substance levels. To summarize, nano-Se and MT mitigate the adverse effects of bensulfuron methyl by facilitating interactions between the phenylpropane metabolism of the plant and the beneficial microbial community. The findings provide a theoretical basis for using nano-Se and MT to remediate herbicide-contaminated soil.
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