Abstract
In the race against COVID-19 for timely therapeutic developments, mass spectrometry-based high-throughput methods have been valuable. COVID-19 manifests an extremely diverse spectrum of phenotypes from asymptomatic to life-threatening, drastic elevations in immune response or cytokine storm, multiple organ failure and death. These observations warrant a detailed understanding of associated molecular mechanisms to develop therapies. In this direction, high-throughput methods that generate large datasets focusing on changes in protein interactions, lipid metabolism, transcription, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression are extremely beneficial sources of information. Hence, mass spectrometry-based methods have been employed in several studies to detect changes in interactions among host proteins, and between host and viral proteins in COVID-19 patients. The methods have also been used to characterize host and viral proteins, and analyze lipid metabolism in COVID-19 patients. Information obtained using the above methods are complemented by high-throughput analysis of transcriptomic and epigenomic changes associated with COVID-19, coupled with next-generation sequencing. Hence, this review discusses the most recent studies focusing on the methods described above. The results establish the importance of mass spectrometry-based studies towards understanding the infection process, immune imbalance, disease mechanism, and indicate the potential of the methods’ therapeutic developments and biomarker screening against COVID-19 and future outbreaks.
Highlights
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in over4.6 million deaths worldwide in a span of less than 2 years
The complex lipid-associated omega-3 and omega-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)’s will be removed from their oxygen or amide linked ester bonding in response to cellular stress including infection and inflammation only to be re-esterified to CoA as a thioester, where they may be oxygenated by three types of enzyme that reside in multiple subcellular compartments
During an active COVID-19 infection with lung presentation, a burst of hyperinflammation involving the production of pro-inflammatory secreted glycoproteins exacerbates the immune reaction and leads to loss of cellular integrity leading to a profound enhancement in immune-mediated responses
Summary
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in over. 4.6 million deaths worldwide in a span of less than 2 years. COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, much higher case fatality rates have been observed with these coronaviruses, namely SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV; case fatality rate ~ 10%) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; case fatality rate ~ 34%). Despite higher case fatality rates, coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are self-limiting and, have been well contained. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus with a much lower case fatality rate than SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. BioChem 2021, 1 has proven harder to contain. The difficulty in containing SARS-CoV-2 has underscored the need for techniques such as mass spectrometry in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 [1,2,3]
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