Abstract

A multiobjective approach based on the third evolution step of generalized differential evolution (GDE3) algorithm is proposed for optimizing the time-modulated array (TMA) in this paper. Different from the single-objective optimization, which optimizes a weighted sum of the peak sidelobe level (PSLL) and the peak sideband level (PSBL) of the array, the multiobjective algorithm treats the PSLL and the PSBL as two distinct objectives that are to be optimized simultaneously. Furthermore, not only one outstanding optimization result can be acquired but also a set of solutions known as Pareto front is obtained by using the GDE3 algorithm, which will guide the design of time-modulated array more effectively. Users can choose one appropriate outcome which has a suitable tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL. This approach is illustrated through a time-modulated concentric circular ring array (CCRA). The optimal parameters and the corresponding radiation patterns are presented at last. Experimental results reveal that the multiobjective optimization can be an effective approach for the TMA synthesis problems.

Highlights

  • The time-modulated array (TMA) was proposed in 1959 by Shanks and Bickmore [1] and improved by Kummer et al in 1963 [2]

  • To reduce the peak sidelobe level (PSLL), a thin nine-ring circular ring array (CCRA) is considered as case 2

  • An attempt based on the multiobjective algorithm is made to solve the pattern synthesis problems of the time-modulated CCRA

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Summary

Introduction

The time-modulated array (TMA) was proposed in 1959 by Shanks and Bickmore [1] and improved by Kummer et al in 1963 [2]. In [6], a linear array with low SLLs, low SBLs, and uniform excitations simultaneously was obtained based on the direct optimization of the switch-on time sequence via the simple genetic algorithm (SGA). By optimizing the normalized switchon time sequence, the number of elements, and the ring spacing, an extensive set of solutions is obtained, and users can choose the most suitable one from it. This method shows the relationship between the PSLL and the PSBL of the TMA, which indicates that the PSLL is inversely proportional to the PSBL.

Pattern Synthesis with Time Modulation Technique
Numerical Results
Conclusion
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