Abstract
Ideally, a multitude of steps has to be taken before a commercial implementation of a pedestrian model is used in practice. Calibration, the main goal of which is to increase the accuracy of the predictions by determining the set of values for the model parameters that allows for the best replication of reality, has an important role in this process. Yet, up to recently, calibration has received relatively little attention within the field of pedestrian modelling. Most studies focus only on one specific movement base case and/or use a single metric. It is questionable how generally applicable a pedestrian simulation model is that has been calibrated using a limited set of movement base cases and one metric. The objective of this research is twofold, namely, to (1) determine the effect of the choice of movement base cases, metrics, and density levels on the calibration results and (2) to develop a multiple-objective calibration approach to determine the aforementioned effects. In this paper a multiple-objective calibration scheme is presented for pedestrian simulation models, in which multiple normalized metrics (i.e., flow, spatial distribution, effort, and travel time) are combined by means of weighted sum method that accounts for the stochastic nature of the model. Based on the analysis of the calibration results, it can be concluded that (1) it is necessary to use multiple movement base cases when calibrating a model to capture all relevant behaviours, (2) the level of density influences the calibration results, and (3) the choice of metric or combinations of metrics influence the results severely.
Highlights
The creation and implementation of a commercial pedestrian simulation will, ideally, consist of multiple steps
In this paper a multiple-objective calibration scheme is presented for pedestrian simulation models, in which multiple normalized metrics are combined by means of weighted sum method that accounts for the stochastic nature of the model
Even in high density cases the model is not sensitive to changes in the viewing distance parameter. This is most likely the result of the fact that pedestrian dynamics (PD) only takes into account the four closest pedestrians within the viewing field, which might all reside well within this radius
Summary
The creation and implementation of a commercial pedestrian simulation will, ideally, consist of multiple steps. Up to recently, calibration has received relatively little attention within the field of pedestrian modelling [1, 2]; this is mainly attributed to the lack of data [1, 3,4,5] especially at high densities. Despite this issue, there are many studies in which authors calibrate a pedestrian model (e.g., [6,7,8,9,10]) usually by using a fundamental diagram [11] or trajectories. Most studies focus on one specific movement base case (e.g., a bidirectional flow in a straight corridor), use only one metric, or do not look at various population compositions
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