Multilevel Image Thresholding Based on Improved Expectation Maximization (EM) and Differential Evolution Algorithm

Abstract

Multilevel image thresholding is an essential step in the image segmentation process. Expectation Maximization (EM) is a powerful technique to find thresholds but is sensitive to the initial points. Differential Evolution (DE) is a robust metaheuristic algorithm that can find thresholds rapidly. However, it may be trapped in the local optimums and premature convergence occurs. In this paper, we incorporate EM algorithm to DE and introduce a novel algorithm called EM+DE which overcomes these shortages and can segment images better than EM and DE algorithms. In the proposed method, EM estimates Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) coefficients of the histogram and DE tries to provide good volunteer solutions to EM algorithm when EM converges in local areas. Finally, DE fits GMM parameters based on Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) to reach the fittest curve. Ten standard test images and six famous metaheuristic algorithms are considered and result on global fitness. PSNR, SSIM, FSIM criteria and the computational time are given. The experimental results prove that the proposed algorithm outperforms the EM and DE as well as EM+ other natural-inspired algorithms in terms of segmentation criteria.