Multi-generational drinking of bottled low mineral water impairs bone quality in female rats.

Zhiqun Qiu,Lingqiao Wang,Dahua Wang,Jiaohua Luo,Weiqun Shu,Hui Zeng,Yao Tan,Ji-An Chen,Liang Zhang,Yujing Huang,Daniele Cusi

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121995

Abstract

BackgroundBecause of reproductions and hormone changes, females are more sensitive to bone mineral loss during their lifetime. Bottled water has become more popular in recent years, and a large number of products are low mineral water. However, research on the effects of drinking bottled low mineral water on bone health is sparse.ObjectiveTo elucidate the skeletal effects of multi-generational bottled water drinking in female rats.MethodsRats continuously drank tap water (TW), bottled natural water (bNW), bottled mineralized water (bMW), or bottled purified water (bPW) for three generations.ResultsThe maximum deflection, elastic deflection, and ultimate strain of the femoral diaphysis in the bNW, bMW, and bPW groups and the fracture strain in the bNW and bMW groups were significantly decreased. The tibiae calcium levels in both the bNW and bPW groups were significantly lower than that in the TW group. The tibiae and teeth magnesium levels in both the bNW and bPW groups were significantly lower than those in the TW group. The collagen turnover markers PICP (in both bNW and bPW groups) were significantly lower than that in the TW group. In all three low mineral water groups, the 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D levels were significantly lower than those in the TW group.ConclusionLong-term drinking of low mineral water may disturb bone metabolism and biochemical properties and therefore weaken biomechanical bone properties in females. Drinking tap water, which contains adequate minerals, was found to be better for bone health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on drinking bottled low mineral water and female bone quality on three generation model.

Highlights

Over the past decade, the consumption of bottled water has increased consistently because of the perceived risks of tap water, the perceived safety of bottled water, the preferred taste and the convenience of drinking bottled water [1]
Low Mineral Water Impairs Bone Quality water, which contains adequate minerals, was found to be better for bone health. This is the first report on drinking bottled low mineral water and female bone quality on three generation model
The main differences were the level of total hardness, total dissolved solids and mineral elements

Summary

Background

Because of reproductions and hormone changes, females are more sensitive to bone mineral loss during their lifetime. Bottled water has become more popular in recent years, and a large number of products are low mineral water. Research on the effects of drinking bottled low mineral water on bone health is sparse

Results

Conclusion

Introduction

Ethics Statement

Discussion