Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a barrier to prevent the central nervous system (CNS) from damage by substances that originate from the blood circulation. The BBB limits drug penetration into the brain and is one of the major clinical obstacles to the treatment of CNS diseases. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been tested for overcoming this barrier and releasing related drugs into the brain matrix. In this review, nanoparticles (NPs) from simple to developed delivery systems are discussed for the delivery of a drug to the brain. This review particularly focuses on polymeric nanomaterials that have been used for CNS treatment. Polymeric NPs such as polylactide (PLA), poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA), human serum albumin (HSA), gelatin, and chitosan are discussed in detail.
Highlights
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are among the most common and complex diseases known in humans [1,2]
The results showed that, after the intravascular administration of CS–polyethylene glycol (PEG)–biotin–avidin/OX26, NPs can lead to the delivery of anticaspase peptide Z-DEVD-FMK to the brain, outside of the intravascular compartment
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as vital protection for the brain against foreign substances, its structure is a major obstacle to the delivery of drugs into the brain for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases
Summary
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are among the most common and complex diseases known in humans [1,2]. CNS disorders represented one of the largest markets for the development of new treatments. The BBB prevents water-soluble molecules, proteins, peptides, genes, and antibiotics with a molecular weight of above 500Da from reaching the brain, NPs of such molecular weights could pass through it owing to their aspect ratio and spatial geometry [32,33]. This special barrier is composed of different kinds of cells. Iron-transferrin, insulin, metabolic nutrient transporters, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, nicotinic acetylcholine (nAchR), and integrin are the most explored receptors for transporting drugs across the BBB [42]
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