Abstract
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) has been used as a biodegradable vascular scaffold (BVS) material due to high mechanical property, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However, acidic byproducts from hydrolysis of PLLA reduce the pH after the surrounding implanted area and cause inflammatory responses. As a result, severe inflammation, thrombosis, and in-stent restenosis can occur after implantation by using BVS. Additionally, polymers such as PLLA could not find on X-ray computed tomography (CT) because of low radiopacity. To this end, here, we fabricated PLLA films as the surface of BVS and divided PLLA films into two coating layers. At the first layer, PLLA film was coated by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) with poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) for radiopaque and neutralization of acidic environment, respectively. The second layer of coated PLLA films is composed of polydopamine (PDA) and then cystamine (Cys) for the generation of nitric oxide (NO) release, which is needed for suppression of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs). The characterization of the film surface was conducted via various analyses. Through the surface modification of PLLA films, they have multifunctional abilities to overcome problems of BVS effectively such as X-ray penetrability, inflammation, thrombosis, and neointimal hyperplasia. These results suggest that the modification of biodegradable PLLA using TIBA, MH, PDA, and Cys will have important potential in implant applications.
Highlights
Biodegradable vascular scaffold (BVS) has been suggested to alternate problems associated with drug-eluting stent (DES)
Before preparing the radiopaque and nitric oxide (NO) released film, Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was chosen as a biomaterial of the film, which is widely used in the composition of BVS
magnesium hydroxide (MH) can neutralize the acidic environment caused by late PLLA degradation and early release of PDLLA and triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA)
Summary
Biodegradable vascular scaffold (BVS) has been suggested to alternate problems associated with drug-eluting stent (DES). The DES delays stent endothelization as well as hypersensitivity reactions, but the BVS prevents the lumen expansion associated with late favorable remodeling, reduces restenosis rates, the need for repeat revascularization, and complete degradation [1]. Because of these advantages, BVS can be a new future direction of coronary stents with biocompatibility and biodegradability compared with previous generations. Severe inflammation, thrombosis, and in-stent restenosis can occur after coronary intervention by using commercially available biodegradable stents [2,3]. In the approach to developing such problems of BVS, we have selected some novel materials
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