Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases orchestrates fundamental biological processes such as cell cycle progression, cell migration, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and their aberrant signaling is linked to numerous human diseases and disorders. Traditionally, active Rho GTPase proteins were proposed to reside and function predominantly at the plasma membrane. While this view still holds true, it is emerging that active pool of multiple Rho GTPases are in part localized to endomembranes such as endosomes and the Golgi. In this review, we will focus on the intracellular pools and discuss how their local activation contributes to the shaping of various cellular processes. Our main focus will be on Rho signaling from the endosomes, Golgi, mitochondria and nucleus and how they regulate multiple cellular events such as receptor trafficking, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration and polarity.
Highlights
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Membrane Traffic, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cell and Developmental
An additional layer of complexity is provided by guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) that bind to the inactive pool of Rho GTPases and sequester them in cytosol (Garcia-Mata et al, 2011)
Rho GTPases associate with membranes and selectively interact with downstream effectors and other scaffolding proteins to mediate a myriad of biological processes including reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulation of membrane trafficking, cell motility and polarity
Summary
Active Rho GTPase proteins were proposed to reside and function predominantly at the plasma membrane. While this view still holds true, it is emerging that active pool of multiple Rho GTPases are in part localized to endomembranes such as endosomes and the Golgi. We will focus on the intracellular pools and discuss how their local activation contributes to the shaping of various cellular processes. Our main focus will be on Rho signaling from the endosomes, Golgi, mitochondria and nucleus and how they regulate multiple cellular events such as receptor trafficking, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration and polarity
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