Abstract
Groundnut production constitutes an integral part of the livelihoods of the people in the Guinea savanna of West Africa. This region accounts for over 70% of the total groundnut production in Ghana, 90% in Nigeria, and 100% in Mali and Burkina Faso. However, harsh environmental conditions often result in drastic yield reductions. In this study, we identified groundnut genotypes with superior symbiotic efficiency, greater pod yield, and plant water-use efficiency from 21 advanced groundnut breeding lines from ICRISAT after testing them at three locations in the Guinea savanna of Ghana over two consecutive years. Average N contribution by the groundnut genotypes ranged from 48 to 108 kg N ha−1, and mean pod yield from 580 to 2,100 kg ha−1. Genotype 17 (ICGV-IS 08837) produced about 2.5-fold more pods than genotype 1 (Chinese), which was the most widely cultivated variety by farmers. Of the 21 genotypes studied, genotype 16 (ICGV 99247) recorded the highest shoot δ13C value and was superior in water-use efficiency, which was consistent with stability estimates and mean performance. We also measured the effects of G × E on pod yield, N2 fixation, shoot δ13C, and mega-environments for testing groundnut in the Guinea savanna, and these were all significant, although the effect was minimal on shoot δ13C values. Of the locations studied, Nyankpala and Damongo were more discriminating, and each constituted a mega-environment for conducting future groundnut trials in the Guinea savanna. Genotype 3 (ICG 6222) emerged as the best cultivar for the Damongo mega-environment, while genotype 17 was the best genotype for the Nyankpala mega-environment. The genotypes exhibiting the highest sensitivity of N2 fixation in the environment included genotype 3 (ICG 6222), genotype 4 (ICGV 00068), and genotype 10 (ICGV 03315) (bi > 1.3), while Pi estimates ranked genotypes 3, 10, and 17 as the best groundnut cultivars in terms of symbiotic N contribution. Based on the results of this study, genotype 17 (ICGV-IS 08837), genotype 3 (ICG 6222), genotype 10 (ICGV 03315), and genotype 4 (ICGV 00068), which were the most outstanding in terms of the overall pod yield, shoot biomass production, and amount of N-fixed, were the most suitable candidates to recommend for use in developing new varieties for the Guinea savanna of Ghana. Genotype 17 (ICGV-IS 08837) has already been released as a commercial variety for the Guinea savanna of Ghana since October 2018.
Highlights
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food security crop cultivated throughout Ghana, with the Guinea savanna accounting for over 70% of total production (MoFA-SRID, 2014)
The effect of G × E interaction on any trait is observable when genotypes differentially perform across environments (Malosetti et al, 2013)
The G × E interaction poses a challenge to effective selection during breeding as it can reduce the heritability of traits in different environments (Romagosa et al, 2009)
Summary
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food security crop cultivated throughout Ghana, with the Guinea savanna accounting for over 70% of total production (MoFA-SRID, 2014). About 90% of farming households in Ghana are involved in groundnut production (Tsigbey et al, 2003). In Africa, groundnut is the most important oilseed crop, usually grown for its edible oil (44 to 56%) and grain protein (22 to 30%), while the haulms serve as a high protein fodder for livestock (Blümmel et al, 2012), especially in the Sahelian zones of Africa. In Ghana, groundnut is a major source of dietary protein for rural households, with sale of the grain being a source of cash income (Martey et al, 2015). The crop, has the potential to increase the N economy of soils in cropping systems
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