Abstract
A novel graphene-oxide-derived material was synthesized after modification of graphene oxide with sodium hydroxide and used for the dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) of different elements (Pb, Cd, Ba, Zn, Cu and Ni) prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The prepared nanomaterial was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Full factorial design and Derringer’s type desirability function were used for the optimization of the d-SPE procedure. Pareto charts illustrated the effects of each of the examined factors and their interactions on the determination of the elements. Under the optimum conditions, detection limits (LODs) for the elements ranged between 0.01 and 0.21 μg g−1, intra-day repeatability (n = 5) was lower than 1.9% and inter-day repeatability (n = 5 × 3) was lower than 4.7%. Relative recovery values ranged between 88.1 and 117.8%. The method was validated and successfully applied for the determination of trace elements in poultry, pork and beef samples from the local market. The proposed method is simple, rapid, sensitive and the novel sorbent can be used at least ten times.
Highlights
Graphene oxide (GO) is considered as a chemical compound with a structure similar to graphene, where oxygen is introduced through chemical oxidation
Graphene oxide has been previously used for analytical chemistry purposes, in most cases it was anchored onto different surfaces such as silica, monolithic column and Fe3 O4 [5,6,7]
Graphene oxide can be functionalized with various polymeric and non-polymeric materials such as polyaniline [4], chitosan [8], ethylenediamine and 1,6-hexanediamine [9], polypyrrole [10], ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) [11], manganese oxide [12], triethylenetetramine [13] and polyimide [14]
Summary
Graphene oxide (GO) is considered as a chemical compound with a structure similar to graphene, where oxygen is introduced through chemical oxidation. It is described as a heavily oxygenated nanomaterial with the presence of many functional groups that contain oxygen such as epoxide and hydroxyl groups on its basal plane and carbonyl and carboxyl groups at the edges [1,2]. The adsorbed analytes could be eluted by the addition of acids, according to the hydrogen bonding competition [4]. Graphene oxide has been previously used for analytical chemistry purposes, in most cases it was anchored onto different surfaces such as silica, monolithic column and Fe3 O4 [5,6,7]. Graphene oxide can be functionalized with various polymeric and non-polymeric materials such as polyaniline [4], chitosan [8], ethylenediamine and 1,6-hexanediamine [9], polypyrrole [10], ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) [11], manganese oxide [12], triethylenetetramine [13] and polyimide [14]
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