Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global issue for human and animals. Increased use of antimicrobials in livestock and poultry has become one of the causes of antimicrobial resistance development in microorganisms. The aim of the study was to characterize antimicrobial resistant bacteria from raw buffalo and chicken meat in standard in vitro condition. A total of 140 raw meat samples were collected from different retail shops of Bhaktapur Metropolitan City, Nepal. Among them, 70 were raw buffalo meat and 70 were raw chicken meat samples. Bacterial growth, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Out of 140 samples, bacterial growth was seen in 67 raw buffalo meat and 59 raw chicken meat samples, i.e., bacterial growth was observed in 90.0% of the samples. A total of 161 bacterial isolates were detected. Escherichia coli (35.4%) and Klebsiella spp. (30.4%) were found to be the most prevalent bacteria followed by Citrobacter spp. (11.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.3%), Salmonella spp. (7.4%), and Proteus spp. (5.5%). Chicken meat isolates showed higher antimicrobial resistance rates in comparison to buffalo meat isolates, particularly against antimicrobials like Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole and Nalidixic acid, p value<0.05 when compared between buffalo and chicken meat. Overall, 32.7% Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) isolates were found, in which 50.0% MDR isolates were found from chicken raw meat and 21.9% were found from buffalo raw meat. MDR isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus constituted 52.5%, 77.7% and 40.0%, respectively, of both buffalo and chicken raw meat. This study indicates antimicrobials resistant bacteria existing at an alarming rate, higher in chicken meat than in buffalo meat.
Highlights
Burden of antimicrobial resistant bacteria affects the economy and health of people in both developed and developing countries
It was reported that common antimicrobial resistant bacteria like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Salmonella spp., that are the common human normal microbiota as well as important human pathogens, are the major flora among foodborne pathogens [4, 5]
A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out in Bhaktapur Metropolitan City from April to September 2017. 140 raw meat samples were collected from the retail shops, where 70 were raw buffalo meat and 70 were raw chicken meat
Summary
Burden of antimicrobial resistant bacteria affects the economy and health of people in both developed and developing countries. Bacterial antimicrobial resistance is witnessing a rapid rise in both human and veterinary world [1, 2]. Poultry and livestock are reservoir of such drug-resistant microorganisms and are promoting the growth and dissemination of pathogens as well as drug resistance [6]. Food of animal origin that carry a variety of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria have become a platform that provides an environment for interactions that might lead to the evolution of new drugresistant and Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) bacteria through the means of horizontal exchange of drug-resistant genes [7, 8]. The extensive use of antimicrobials in the poultry industry for disease prevention and as growth promoter further triggers the mechanisms that lead to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of bacteria
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