Abstract
A survey including 25 sheep farms in Bakrajo District, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, was conducted to determine anthelmintic resistance (AR) against albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole. Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was used to accomplish this goal. Forty 6–24 month-old sheep of mixed sexes were selected from each farm and randomly divided into four groups. One group served as the untreated control, and the other groups orally administered the recommended doses of the tested drugs. Multidrug resistance against all three drugs was present in 8 of 25 farms (32%). Also, resistance to albendazole and ivermectin was detected on one farm. Albendazole was the most effective anthelmintic agent. Resistance to ivermectin was significantly higher than levamisole and albendazole. Larval cultures revealed that Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., and Trichuris spp. were the prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes in the study area. The nematode genera were also detected in the posttreatment larval cultures. It is concluded that AR to albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole is widespread in sheep in Bakrajo District, north Iraq. This resistance is mainly caused by the emergence of resistant Trichostrongylus and Nematodirus spp.
Highlights
Infection with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is a common worldwide problem in pasturing sheep that directly and indirectly affects infected animals’ health and production
Both albendazole and ivermectin failed to revealed that ivermectin was the least clear sheep from GIN in 36.0% of the efficacious drug as the mean FECR of this examined flocks, while resistance to drug in the resistant farms was 58.7%, while levamisole was evident in 32.0% of the sheep albendazole was the most efficacious (Figure farms (Table 1)
Resistance to and levamisole was reported in 28.0% and albendazole and ivermectin was reported in 32.0% of the studied flocks
Summary
Infection with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is a common worldwide problem in pasturing sheep that directly and indirectly affects infected animals’ health and production. The FECR results revealed that GIN resistance drugs’ efficacies in the resistant farms were against albendazole, ivermectin, and compared statistically to determine the most levamisole was present in the studied region. Farmers often use effective anthelmintic to treat GIN in the study shared pasture and water springs, facilitating area It is a benzimidazole developed in the the spread of resistant nematodes between 1960s to treat nematode, cestode, and different sheep flocks. The GIN infection rate of sheep samples of nine albendazole-treated groups flocks in this study was less extensive, making was 88.8 ± 2.8%, while Nematodirus and the data more representative of the north of Trichuris made 6.7 ± 1.7% and 4.5 ± 1.9% of. Trichuris spp. accounted results revealed that Trichostrongylus spp., for 4.6 ± 2.5% of the larvae (Figure 3C)
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