Multidisciplinary management of children with craniofacial syndromes with particular reference to the airway

Abstract

This paper concerns the affect that craniofacial syndromes can have on the upper airways. A brief definition and classification of craniofacial anomalies is presented and the management of airway problems that they can cause is discussed. Pathology or dysplasia (abnormal development), which effects the brain, cranium and facial skeleton results in craniofacial deformities. Van der Meulen has classified craniofacial anomalies. The most important groups are the craniofacial dysplasias and craniofacial dysplasias of other origin. These dysplasias comprise conditions such as clefts, craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial growth plates), dysostoses (abnormal facial bone development) or combinations of these conditions. Craniofacial syndromes such as Apert, Crouzon and Pfeifers come into this category. Vascular anomalies and neurofibromatosis affecting the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues can also have profound affect upon the airways. The otolaryngologist’s perspective (Pearman, FRCS): Children with craniofacial syndromes present numerous problems requiring input from many disciplines. The principal role of the ENT surgeon is in airway management although otological care must not be overlooked. An analysis was