Multidimensional Model of Energy in Patients With Cancer

Abstract

ObjectivesEvidence suggests that energy is a distinct symptom from fatigue in patients with cancer. The purpose of this paper is to present the Multidimensional Model of Energy in Patients with Cancer (MMEPC) that is based on emerging evidence and to make recommendations for clinical practice and future research. MethodsThe literature was reviewed to determine various factors associated with variations in energy in patients with cancer. In addition, some of the emerging evidence in the model is supported by studies of energy in the general population and in patients with other chronic conditions. ResultsBased on a review of the literature, specific concepts in the MMEPC include: person factors, clinical factors, cancer-related factors, biological factors, factors associated with energy balance, and co-occurring symptoms. The evidence to support the association between each of these factors and variations in energy levels in patients with cancer is described and synthesized. ConclusionThis article provides emerging evidence on factors that influence variations in energy levels in patients with cancer. While the fundamental biobehavioral and biologic mechanisms that underlie variations in energy levels are not well understood, the model can be used to design pre-clinical and clinical studies of energy in patients with cancer. In addition, while emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that fatigue and energy are distinct symptoms, additional research on common and distinct risk factors and underlying mechanisms is warranted to be able to develop and test precision interventions for one or both symptoms. Implications for Nursing PracticeThe risk factors (eg, being female, sleep quality) associated with variations in energy levels in patients with cancer identified in this paper have important clinical implications. Clinicians can use the identified risk factors to guide their assessments; identify high-risk patients with decrements in energy decrement; and develop targeted energy conservation interventions for the patients.