Abstract
Discrimination is associated with depressive symptoms and other negative health effects, but little is known about the mental health risks of workplace gender discrimination. We aimed to investigate the association of workplace gender discrimination and depressive symptoms among employed women in South Korea. The 6th wave (2016) survey datasets of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Family (KLoWF) were analyzed for 2,339 respondents who are identified as wage workers. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the short-form (10-item) Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale. Association of workplace gender discrimination and depressive symptoms was assessed using multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounding variables including age, income satisfaction, education level, marital status, and currently diagnosed disease. We then measured the age effect using age stratification multivariate logistic regression model. Women who experienced gender discrimination at workplace had higher odds of depressive symptoms regardless of the type of the discrimination including hiring, promotion, work assignments, paid wages, and firing. These associations were consistent in younger women below 40 years of age in regard to hiring, promotion, paid wages and firing, whereas inconsistent among older women above 40 years of age. We did not investigate the effect of workplace gender discrimination on depressive symptoms in a longitudinal manner. Workplace gender discrimination was found to be significantly associated with depressive symptoms after adjustment for socio-demographic factors. Further, women under 40 years of age were especially vulnerable to workplace gender discrimination.
Highlights
The prevalence of depression is high throughout the world, posing huge economic burdens for most developed and developing countries [1]
We aimed to investigate the association of workplace gender discrimination and depressive symptoms among employed women in South Korea
Workplace gender discrimination was found to be significantly associated with depressive symptoms after adjustment for socio-demographic factors
Summary
The prevalence of depression is high throughout the world, posing huge economic burdens for most developed and developing countries [1]. It is known that age and sex are associated with increased depression risks. The prevalence of depression is approximately two times higher in females when compared to males [7] and significantly increases with age [8]. General medical disorders, such as the neurologic [9] and metabolic [10], increase the risk of depression. Discrimination is associated with depressive symptoms and other negative health effects, but little is known about the mental health risks of workplace gender discrimination.
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