Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are prominent group of nanomaterials and are recognized for their diverse applications in various health sectors. This study aimed to synthesize the AgNPs using the leaf extract of Artemisia princeps as a bio-reductant. Furthermore, we evaluated the multidimensional effect of the biologically synthesized AgNPs in Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter felis, and human lung (L132) and lung carcinoma (A549) cells. UV-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the AgNPs are specifically indexed to a crystal structure. The results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicate that biomolecules are involved in the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies showed the average size distribution of the particle between 10 and 40 nm, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that the AgNPs were significantly well separated and spherical with an average size of 20 nm. AgNPs caused dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and biofilm formation and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA fragmentation in H. pylori and H. felis. Furthermore, AgNPs induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells; conversely, AgNPs had no significant effects on L132 cells. The results from this study suggest that AgNPs could cause cell-specific apoptosis in mammalian cells. Our findings demonstrate that this environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of AgNPs and that the prepared AgNPs have multidimensional effects such as anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activity against H. pylori and H. felis and also cytotoxic effects against human cancer cells. This report describes comprehensively the effects of AgNPs on bacteria and mammalian cells. We believe that biologically synthesized AgNPs will open a new avenue towards various biotechnological and biomedical applications in the near future.
Highlights
Nanomaterials often have novel and size-related physicochemical properties that differ significantly from their larger counterparts
In a typical reaction procedure, 10 mL of A. princeps leaf extract was added to 100 mL of 1 mM aqueous AgNO3 solution under magnetic stirring at room temperature for 60 min
Our studies suggest that A. princeps shows a significantly uniform distribution of particles with an average size of 20 nm
Summary
Nanomaterials often have novel and size-related physicochemical properties that differ significantly from their larger counterparts. Biological methods seem to be valuable for the preparation of AgNPs with controlled size and shape of the nanoparticles [8,9,10,11,12,13]. Prepared nanomaterials are extremely valuable because nanoparticles are soluble and stable [14]. During the biological synthesis of AgNPs, the reducing agent and stabilizer are replaced by molecules produced by living organisms. These molecular compounds can be sourced from various living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, or plants [15]. Biomolecules can be attached to various types of surfaces via diffusion, adsorption/absorption, covalent cross-linking, and affinity interaction [16]
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