Abstract
The majority of village houses in Malaysia generate graywater—from kitchens, bathrooms, sinks, and laundry—that is discharged directly into rivers or main drains without any treatment. These practices have a critical impact on humans and the environment. Therefore, this pilot‐scale study aimed to design a natural filtration system that consists of clamshells, steel slag, limestone, and sand media for treatment of graywater. The filtration system was designed with 24 L of capacity and fixed at the discharge point of graywater in village houses. The filtration system exhibited high efficiency for treatment of household graywater, with 87.7% of removal for biochemical oxygen demand, 74.0% for chemical oxygen demand, 96.2% for total suspended solids, and 98% for turbidity with a pH of 7.87. The filtrated graywater met the limits required by Malaysia's 1974 Environmental Quality Act, 2009 regulations, Standard A, for disposal upstream of drains.
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