Abstract
Current generation mobile communications require high-quality services. Adopting multiple access (MA) and multi-carrier waveforms potentially enhances the quality of services offered to end-users. However, in the majority of literature, the integration of multi-carrier and multiple-access approaches have not been extensively examined. One possible solution is to review multiple access and multi-carrier waveforms simultaneously to create a favorable foundation for the integration of these schemes. Thus, we consider a comprehensive review of multiple-access systems and multi-carrier waveforms jointly from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1^{st}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5^{th}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-generation (1G-5G) cellular networks. Initially, we present orthogonal MA (OMA) schemes called: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) that have been utilized in 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G, respectively. In addition, 5G wireless non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques such as power domain NOMA (PD-NOMA), code domain NOMA (CD-NOMA), and other NOMA multiplexing methods are addressed in detail. On the other hand, we glanced at 5G cellular multi-carrier waveforms such as filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC), generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), and filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (f-OFDM) waveforms. The assessment and comparison between different OMA, NOMA, and multi-carrier waveforms are carried out with the parameters: modulation schemes, bit error rate (BER), signal to noise ration (SNR), sum rate, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), latency, out of band emission (OOBE), and complexity. The analytical formulas of OMA, NOMA, and multi-carrier waveform schemes are also derived and verified using simulation data. Each multiple access strategy’s merits, shortcomings, applications, and factors influencing its performance are also addressed. Eventually, possible recommendations for the integration of multiple-access and modulation technologies for next-generation mobile networks are also included.
Highlights
Wireless networks set the stage for innovative features such as smart cities, homes, and vehicles with enhanced security [1]
This paper looks at the multi-carrier waveforms and multiple access schemes emphasizing 5G wireless networks
Despite our focus on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), we address the classic multiple access mechanisms that have existed throughout the history of wireless communications, from the first to the fourth generation (1G-4G)
Summary
Wireless networks set the stage for innovative features such as smart cities, homes, and vehicles with enhanced security [1]. The choice of suitable and acceptable waveforms has long been a question of significant interest in a wide range of physical layers specified in the design wireless network standards In this regard, we aim to present the performance, limitations, challenges, and comparisons of multi-carrier waveforms of OFDM with FBMC, UFMC, GFDM, and F-OFDM. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first review to consider the multi-carrier waveforms and multiple access strategies from 1st to 5th generations. The contributions of this work to the current research works are: 1) A Comprehensive study of multiple access standards and multi-carrier waveforms for the different generations of wireless networks (1G - 5G). 7) a detailed survey of the benefits of multiple access and multi-carrier waveforms, research challenges, and their summery 5G wireless networks are addressed.
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