Abstract
Electricity is an indispensable commodity on which both urban and rural regions heavily rely. Rural areas where the main grid cannot reach make use of distributed energy resources (DER), especially renewable energy sources (RES), in an islanded microgrid. Therefore, it is necessary to make sure there is a sufficient power supply to balance the demand and supply curve and meet people’s demands. The work done in this paper aims to minimize the daily operating cost of the hybrid microgrid while incorporating a demand response strategy built on an incentive-based demand response (IBDR) model. Three case studies were constructed and analyzed to derive the best, most reduced daily operational cost. This was achieved using the CPLEX solver embedded in algebraic modeling language in the Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modeling Systems (AIMMS) software with multi-agent system (MAS); the MAS was used to make sure that the developed intelligent-based agents work independently to achieve an optimal microgrid system. The sensitivity analysis employed established that case study 2 gave the most reduced daily operation cost (USD 119), which represents an 8% reduction in the daily operational cost from case study 1 and a 9% reduction from case study 3. Then, we achieved 17% and 25% reductions, as compared to specific other approaches.
Highlights
The results show that the proposed model minimizes the daily operating cost of the microgrid significantly, but the amount of reduction was not mentioned, and demand response was not deployed in their work
The battery energy storage system was not considered while dispatching power to the end-users, and no Demand response (DR) contracts were signed beforehand with the microgrid operators
A multi-agent system (MAS) was exploited to make sure that all the power sources functioned properly; using smart agents allows the microgrid to perform optimally
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The social and economic aspects of human life heavily depend on electricity. Without electricity, it is practically impossible to carry out daily activities, especially with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial centers and cities. There is a need to strengthen and broaden electricity generation beyond what is currently obtainable to meet the demands of people [1]. The conventional means of generating electricity pose risks to human health and call for an alternative, named a renewable energy resource. Deploying RES comes with some advantages, such as a low contribution to the greenhouse effect, as mentioned earlier, reductions in power loss during transmission, grid security, and reserve generation capacity [2]
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