Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are regarded as the next-generation thin-film energy harvester, owing to their high performance. However, there is a lack of studies on their encapsulation technology, which is critical for resolving their shortcomings, such as their degradation by oxygen and moisture. It is determined that the moisture intrusion and the heat trapped within the encapsulating cover glass of PSCs influenced the operating stability of the devices. Therefore, we improved the moisture and oxygen barrier ability and heat releasing capability in the passivation of PSCs by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the epoxy resin used for encapsulation. The 0.5 wt% of carbon nanotube-added resin-based encapsulated PSCs exhibited a more stable operation with a ca. 30% efficiency decrease compared to the ca. 63% decrease in the reference devices over one week under continuous operation. Specifically, the short-circuit current density and the fill factor, which are affected by moisture and oxygen-driven degradation, as well as the open-circuit voltage, which is affected by thermal damage, were higher for the multi-walled carbon nanotube-added encapsulated devices than the control devices, after the stability test.
Highlights
Organohalide perovskite materials have attracted considerable attention, especially in the application of energy harvesting [1,2]
While most researchers have focused on improving the stability of perovskite materials against moisture, it is noteworthy that good packaging technology can prevent water and oxygen intrusion before degradation occurs in the material [13]
The inverted type perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated in the configuration of indium tin oxide (ITO)/
Summary
Organohalide perovskite materials have attracted considerable attention, especially in the application of energy harvesting [1,2]. Despite the high efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), insufficient device stability has been the limiting factor in commercialisation. The perovskite materials have been reported to degrade due to moisture [5], oxygen [6,7], ultra-violet (UV) light, trapped charge [8,9], and heat [10,11,12]. While most researchers have focused on improving the stability of perovskite materials against moisture, it is noteworthy that good packaging technology can prevent water and oxygen intrusion before degradation occurs in the material [13]. The thermal damage is difficult to circumvent in such an encapsulated system because the heat is trapped inside the encapsulating glass. As most of the known electronics utilise encapsulation, it is evident that the PSCs will inevitably be encapsulated, which confines the device system
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