Abstract
Globally, cities have made efforts to shift to low-carbon emission development (LED), amidst air pollution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and high temperature anomalies. However, the emphasis on cities to help shift the global economy to LED has been on a single individual sector approach operating in silos rather than the inter and intra-specific outcomes of multiple sectors. Thus, there are uncertainties of adopting suitable pathways for cities’ transition to LED, due largely to data paucity and policy incoherence, constrained further by barriers to integrating science, policy, and practice. Hence, the need for cities to take advantage of the benefits of multi-directional perspectives of multiple sectors acting together—the “multi-vector” approach, to confront key questions of climate compatible development (CCD) that support LED. Therefore, the paper extends the development narratives of the CCD approach to an “enhanced” climate compatible development (EnCCD) pathway with in-built questions and determinants to scope cities’ transition to LED. The EnCCD suggests that the standalone intersection between mitigation and development to deliver LED will not result in cities’ resilience unless (i) co-benefits, which are outcomes of mitigation and adaptation, and (ii) climate-resilient development, the product of adaptation and development, coevolved. Therefore, the EnCCD transforms the development policy focus of cities on separate, single-purpose sectors, such as energy or transport, into multi-sector portfolios having synergistic benefits of mitigation, adaptation, and development strategies.
Highlights
The global focus on cities to shift towards low-carbon emission development (LED) to help avoid a global mean temperature change of greater than 2 ◦ C and climate change’s worst effects has accelerated [1,2]
Defining research priorities [33] will enable the cities-climate change nexus to capture opportunities for knowledge co-creation and co-evolution, linking cities’ development, and Earth system processes, which are enshrined in the enhanced” climate compatible development (EnCCD) pathway (Figure 3)
Addressing the EnCCD’s questions (Figure 3) will guide transforming climate governance and political economy constraints into enablers of low-carbon economy actions [58,78] observed for the transport sector with an integrated policy and governance approach that built on coalitions and the endurance of political change [29]
Summary
The global focus on cities to shift towards low-carbon emission development (LED) to help avoid a global mean temperature change of greater than 2 ◦ C and climate change’s worst effects has accelerated [1,2]. Defining research priorities [33] will enable the cities-climate change nexus to capture opportunities for knowledge co-creation and co-evolution, linking cities’ development, and Earth system processes, which are enshrined in the EnCCD pathway (Figure 3). The climate-resilient development intersection represents the degree to which climate change adaptation and risk management are mainstreamed into governance and for cities, sustainable management of space and resources is key. This is because the reason to act or not to act on climate change depends on socio-technological change and the long-term economics of mitigating climate change and the estimated net economic impact.
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