Abstract
Chicken litter disposal is a major economic and pollution concern. Poor waste management practices lead to air and water pollution. To produce a useful renewable resource for energy, optimal conditions for combustion were studied. Three samples differing in particle size were obtained from the chicken litter by drying, milling, and sieving, each at a recovery of (A) larger than 150 μm in size, 87.5%; (B) between 150 and 45 μm in size, 6.3%; and (C) below 45 μm in size, 6.3%. Sample A showed the highest calorific value (5 300 BTU lb-1= 12 320 kJ kg-1) and lowest ash content (ca. 25%), whereas sample C showed the lowest calorific value (2 900 BTU lb-1 = 6 740 kJ kg-1) and highest ash content (ca. 54%). Evolved gas analysis (EGA) techniques, including thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and TG-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) were used to identify off-gases. Kinetic analyses using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were also performed to find that the combustion process proceeds in four stages (whe...
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