Multi-stage evolution of kimberlite melt as inferred from inclusions in garnet megacrysts in the Grib kimberlite (Arkhangelsk region, Russia)

Abstract

To provide new insights into the origin of garnet megacrysts and evolution of kimberlite melts, we studied in detail the polymineralic and monomineralic inclusions and their host garnets from the Grib kimberlite (Arkhangelsk diamond province, Russia). Low-Cr and high-Cr garnet megacrysts and eclogitic garnets contain abundant polymineralic and rare monomineralic inclusions. Monomineralic inclusions presented by clinopyroxene, ilmenite, olivine replaced by serpentine, were found exclusively within the low-Cr megacrysts. The composition of clinopyroxene exhibits geochemical equilibrium with the host garnet, indicating its primary origin during the formation of the megacryst assemblage. The low-Cr garnet–clinopyroxene mineral assemblage formed as a result of high-temperature, melt-associated mantle metasomatism by failed kimberlite within the lithospheric mantle (T = 1150 °C and P = 5.5 GPa). Polymineralic inclusions are characterised by a silicate or silicate-sulphate matrix. The central part of the silicate inclusions is filled by serpentine and contains ilmenite, spinel, perovskite, calcite and apatite. At the contact with host garnets, phlogopite, spinel and amphibole occur as reaction minerals. Composition of spinel and other minerals within inclusions with silicate matrix suggests that kimberlite melt was trapped at mantle pressures. Inclusions with silicate matrix were found in all garnets. The matrix of silicate-sulphate inclusions consists of silicate cryptocrystalline phases and sulphate minerals (celestine–barite) and contains calcite grains. The inclusions are distributed in some low-Cr garnet megacrysts and eclogitic garnet. The silicate-sulphate inclusions were crystallised from the late-stage kimberlite melt. Diverse reaction textures are evidences of disequilibrium between the host crystals and polymineralic inclusions and indicate that garnet and the hosted inclusions reacted with the ascending kimberlite melt. The silicate-sulphate inclusions with a thin rim of epidote within eclogitic garnets indicate that a kimberlite melt invaded the garnet and induced partial melting. The studied inclusions allow us to propose three stages of the Grib kimberlite evolution: 1) generation of garnet megacrysts and primary inclusions due to melt metasomatism, 2) reaction of the high-Ti kimberlite melt with garnet megacrysts (including their dissolution) and 3) alteration of the inclusions in garnet after kimberlite ascent.