Multi-Solitons, Multi-Breathers and Multi-Rational Solutions of Integrable Extensions of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili Equation in Three Dimensions

Abstract

The celebrated Korteweg–de Vries and Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equations are prototypical examples of integrable evolution equations in one and two spatial dimensions, respectively. The question of constructing integrable evolution equations in three-spatial dimensions has been one of the most important open problems in the history of integrability. Here, we study an integrable extension of the KP equation in three-spatial dimensions, which can be derived using a specific reduction of the integrable generalization of the KP equation in four-spatial and two-temporal dimensions derived in (Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, (2006) 190201). For this new integrable extension of the KP equation, we construct smooth multi-solitons, high-order breathers, and high-order rational solutions, by using Hirota’s bilinear method.