Abstract
In this paper, we propose an optimization-driven framework for the design of wideband multi-section branch-lines that exhibit varying branch impedances. Even-odd mode analysis is performed utilizing transmission lines theory to derive the expressions of the S-parameters. Then, an error function is developed to control the electrical characteristics of the branch-lines considering predefined physical constraints including impedance matching and machining tolerance. By modifying the error function, cascaded branch-lines can operate as crossovers or couplers. To validate the proposed concept, wideband crossover and coupler prototypes are designed, simulated and measured. Simulations and measurements agree well and show improved fractional bandwidths. Moreover, odd harmonics are suppressed in the proposed designs due to enforcing the desired electrical characteristics over a given frequency band.
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