Multi-scale remote sensing retrieval model for land surface emissivity and its impact on land surface temperature estimation

Abstract

ABSTRACT As a fundamental parameter of the surface radiation process, land surface emissivity (LSE) is the most direct factor affecting the land surface temperature (LST) retrieval accuracy. Based on the measured data from 2017 to 2023, the characteristics of LSE changes were analysed, different timescale LSE retrieval models were developed, and the impact of LSE on pixel scale observational LST acquisition was evaluated by using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing images. The results show that with changes in atmospheric environmental conditions, the LSE changes are relatively less pronounced at 3.99 µm and 4.02 µm in the mid-infrared band and at 10.8 µm and 11.8 µm in the thermal infrared band than in the other bands. At the timescale above day, the LSE is significant correlation with the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI). Vegetation is the main parameter that dominates the LSE change under heterogeneous underlying surfaces. On a daily timescale, LSE exhibits typical diurnal variation characteristics, and the amplitude of diurnal variation is influenced mainly by shallow soil water and heat conditions. The developed LSE model based on Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite remote-sensing data can effectively reproduce the daily variation characteristics of LST and avoid the ‘jumping’ phenomenon that may occur in the NDVI threshold method. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the retrieved LST and in situ data is reduced to 3.78°C, and the retrieval accuracy is better than that of the published LST product. When using UAVs to obtain pixel-scale LSTs, dry bare soil is more sensitive to LSE. When the LSE increases from 0.95 to 1.0, the average LST obtained by the UAV deviates by approximately 1.0°C. This study preliminarily provides some spatiotemporal variation patterns of LSE and lays a foundation for the later-modified LST retrieval algorithms.