Abstract
A multi-residue method for the determination of 54 pesticide residues in pollens has been developed and validated. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of 48 crude pollen samples collected from eight provinces of China. The recovery of analytes ranged from 60% to 136% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 30%. Of the 54 targeted compounds, 19 pesticides were detected. The major detection rates of each compound were 77.1% for carbendazim, 58.3% for fenpropathrin, 56.3% for chlorpyrifos, 50.0% for fluvalinate, 31.3% for chlorbenzuron, and 29.2% for triadimefon in crude pollen samples. The maximum values of each pesticide were 4516 ng/g for carbendazim, 162.8 ng/g for fenpropathrin, 176.6 ng/g for chlorpyrifos, 316.2 ng/g for fluvalinate, 437.2 ng/g for chlorbenzuron, 79.00 ng/g for triadimefon, and so on. This study provides basis for the research on the risks to honeybee health.
Highlights
Honeybee, belonging to the insect order Hymenoptera [1], is an important pollinator for natural ecosystems and agricultural crops [2]
That each compound could be subjected to maximum sensitivity in ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC), the mobile phase composition was optimized
To analyze a wide range of compounds, the multi-residue QuEChERS method was used for pollen samples
Summary
Honeybee, belonging to the insect order Hymenoptera [1], is an important pollinator for natural ecosystems and agricultural crops [2]. The leading hypothesis for CCD links sublethal exposure to pesticides and other environmental factors, including parasitic infections and habitat loss, to honeybee losses and pollinator declines in general [10,11,12]. Two other multi-residue methods, zirconium-based sorbents (Z-Sep) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), determined by GC-MS, were used in the analysis of pesticides in pollen in 2015. Applications of these methods resulted in crucial information about the magnitude of pesticide contamination in those pollens, in North America and Europe. The present study aimed to analyze 48 crude pollen samples, which were collected from eight provinces of China It provides a basis for studying the risk to honeybee health
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