Abstract
The increasing penetration of prosumers, residential customers equipped with distributed energy resources (DER), offers an opportunity to aggregate DER into virtual power plants (VPP) operated as a single dispatchable resource. Yet that raises the question of how to financially reward prosumers for participating in VPPs. Against this backdrop, this paper explores multi-period dynamic export tariffs based on the dual variables of the optimisation problem used for aggregation. In contrast to the existing approaches, we use a multi-period optimisation model to account for inter-temporal coupling introduced by battery storage systems. We focus on three different VPP models with different objective functions, reflecting varying levels of customer focus. Our analysis is illustrated in a case study, underlying outcome and economic benefits of each VPP model.
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