Abstract
Renewable energy systems are an alternative to existing systems to achieve energy savings and carbon dioxide emission reduction. Subsequently, preventing the reckless installation of renewable energy systems and formulating appropriate energy policies, including sales strategies, is critical. Thus, this study aimed to achieve energy reduction through optimal selection of the capacity and lifetime of solar thermal (ST) and ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems that can reduce the thermal energy of buildings including the most widely used photovoltaic (PV) systems. Additionally, this study explored decision-making for optimal PV, ST, and GSHP installation considering economic and environmental factors such as energy sales strategy and electricity price according to energy policies. Therefore, an optimization model based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization was proposed to maximize lifecycle cost and energy savings based on the target energy savings according to PV capacity. Furthermore, the proposed model was verified through a case study on campus buildings in Korea: PV 60 kW and ST 32 m2 GSHP10 kW with a lifetime of 50 years were found to be the optimal combination and capacity. The proposed model guarantees economic optimization, is scalable, and can be used as a decision-making model to install renewable energy systems in buildings worldwide.
Highlights
IntroductionThe building sector has a long lifecycle and constitutes 40% of the total energy consumption [2]
The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that carbon emissions from reckless fossil fuel use raise concerns with regard to energy security and the environment [1].the building sector has a long lifecycle and constitutes 40% of the total energy consumption [2]
lifecycle cost (LCC), the monetary benefit was expressed as a positive number, and the remaining costs were all expressed as negative numbers
Summary
The building sector has a long lifecycle and constitutes 40% of the total energy consumption [2]. Campus buildings have regular schedules and high energy-saving potential because of the shorter operating periods during vacations. Introducing renewable energy systems can have significant environmental benefits through energy efficiency improvement in the initial design and retrofitting of existing buildings [3]. Renewable energy sources have been actively used in several applications including residential buildings [4], industries [5], university districts [6], logistics facilities [7], and seaports [8] for better energy management. Renewable energy systems used in buildings include photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal (ST), and ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems [9,10]. The PV system’s output can be stably generated based on the panel surface or the direction of the roof [11]; the PV installation capacity in
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