Abstract
Multi-objective optimization linked with an urban stormwater model is used in this study to identify cost-effective low impact development (LID) implementation designs for small urbanizing watersheds. The epsilon-Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (e-NSGAII) has been coupled with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) to balance the costs and the hydrologic benefits of candidate LID solutions. Our objective in this study is to identify the near-optimal tradeoff between the total LID costs and the total watershed runoff volume constrained by pre-development peak flow rates. This study contributes a detailed analysis of the costs and benefits associated with the use of green roofs, porous pavement, and bioretention basins within a small urbanizing watershed inState College,Pennsylvania. Beyond multi-objective analysis, this paper also contributes improved SWMM representations of LID alternatives and demonstrates their usefulness for screening alternative site layouts for LID technologies.
Highlights
Urban growth is often associated with increased runoff volume and peak flow rate, as well as reduced groundwater recharge and deteriorated downstream water quality [1]
The 10-year 24-hour design storm is used to run the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) model in the Low impact development (LID) optimization framework
The pre-development peak flow rate is used as the constraint during the optimization process, and LID designs with a peak flow rate larger than the pre-development peak flow rate (7.7 m3/s) are penalized
Summary
Urban growth is often associated with increased runoff volume and peak flow rate, as well as reduced groundwater recharge and deteriorated downstream water quality [1]. Traditional engineering practices to manage the adverse hydrologic and water quality impacts of urbanization have relied on structural best management practices (BMPs) (e.g., detention and retention basins), which are often placed at a downstream location and provide centralized treatment [2]. Low impact development (LID) is a relatively new, and an increasingly popular, concept in stormwater management for controlling adverse storm flows and water quality impacts of urban sprawl [3,4]. LID practices have been utilized in urban stormwater management design in the United States by an increasing number of design engineers, municipalities, states, and federal agencies [3,6,7,8,9]
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