Abstract
Tourism has direct and indirect implications for CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop tourism management based on sustainable tourism, mainly in the transport process. Tourist itinerary planning is a complex process that plays a crucial role in tourist management. This type of problem, called the tourist trip design problem, aims to build personalised itineraries. However, planning tends to be biased towards group travel with heterogeneous preferences. Additionally, much of the information needed for planning is vague and imprecise. In this paper, a new model for tourist route planning is developed to minimise CO2 emissions from transportation and generate an equitable profit for tourists. In addition, the model also plans group routes with heterogeneous preferences, selects transport modes, and addresses uncertainty from fuzzy optimisation. A set of numerical tests was carried out with theoretical and real-world instances. The experimentation develops different scenarios to compare the results obtained by the model and analyse the relationship between the objectives. The results demonstrate the influence of the objectives on the solutions, the direct and inverse relationships between objectives, and the fuzzy nature of the problem.
Highlights
The service sector plays a major role in the world economy [1], and it represented65% of worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019, surpassing agriculture, industry, and manufacturing [2]
The model was coded in the general algebraic modeling systems (GAMS) optimisation software and solved through the CPLEX solver on a computer with the following references: 20 GB of RAM, an Intel Core i7 − 8565U CPU @1.8 GHz, 1−TB hard drive, and a 64-bit operating system
Tourism management should be oriented towards the development of sustainability to influence the scope of the Sustainable Development Goals and strengthen economic reactivation
Summary
The service sector plays a major role in the world economy [1], and it represented. 65% of worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019, surpassing agriculture, industry, and manufacturing [2]. The model addresses the multi-route planning problem for a group of tourists with heterogeneous preferences and transport mode selection It accounts for CO2 emissions, equity, POI time windows, maximum and minimum tourist capacity on the route, and available budgets. A model for group planning of sustainable tourism itineraries is presented and formulated, which articulates three objectives These objectives are maximising the individual benefits of tourists (individual profit), maximisation of equity (equity in group profit), and minimising CO2 emissions derived from multi-modal transport. It supports the development of tourism self-management platforms and applications [45] In this way, different actors in the chain can benefit by generating greater interest and perceived value of visitors to the area due to the facility of planning itineraries in the territory; the perceived value of a tourist destination suggests a relationship between the benefit obtained and the sacrifice associated with the complexity of planning [46,47].
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